Externalities

Q3(b) On an externalities diagram, mark the welfare gain from UK dental care consumption, given 90% of practices refuse new NHS patients.

Q6(e) Using Extract A, discuss the private and external costs arising from meat farming; a suitable diagram is needed.

Q7 Evaluate the microeconomic consequences of large infrastructure schemes such as HS2, a £100bn railway destroying ancient woodland, homes and businesses.

Q12(d) Examine two spillover costs that container shipping imposes on third parties, using the environmental extract.

Q7 Sketch the spillover gains from the 1.3 million Filipinos who studied online in 2021.

Q12(e) Discuss the spillover costs of growing cocoa in West Africa, with an externalities diagram.

Q4 Pick out the welfare loss area on a marginal cost and benefit diagram for chemical production.

Q6(e) Discuss what making plastic costs producers privately and what it costs third parties externally.

Q1(b) Examine an externality created where gas is burned to make electricity, supporting the answer with an external costs of production diagram.

Q12(d) Examine two spillover costs arising from growing rice, using the environmental extract.

Q12(d) Examine two spillover costs that rearing chickens imposes on the environment.

Q7 Sketch a diagram of the spillover benefits from university study, such as longer lives and less crime.

Q12(e) Discuss the external costs arising when fertiliser is manufactured and applied, with a suitable diagram.

Q4 Deduce the socially optimal output and the welfare gain area from a diagram of Spanish museum visits.

Q6(b) Drawing on Extract B, identify and explain two positive externalities arising when people consume public service broadcasting.

Q6(d) Discuss the private and external gains from watching educational TV and sites such as BBC Bitesize and Oak National Academy.

Q8 Evaluate how UK government policy might cut the carbon emitted by road transport.

Q12(b) Explain one benefit to Apple of powering its production using renewable sources of energy.

Q12(e) Discuss the microeconomic consequences, including external costs, of the decade-long rise in smartphone output.

Q9 Using the data given, distinguish private from external benefits, where a Tanzanian neighbour's bees lifted sunflower seed yields from 300kg to 620kg.

Q12(a) Give the meaning of 'external costs' as used in Extract C.

Q3(a) Use an externalities diagram to trace how illegal sewage dumped in the River Severn hits local tourism.

Q6(f) Evaluate the external costs cod over-fishing creates, backing your answer with a suitable diagram.

Q1(a) Explain one externality generated by food delivery, using the supplied data on UK third-party delivery market shares.

Q12(a) Give the meaning of 'external costs', the term used in Extract B (short definition).

Q12(d) Examine, using Extract B, two external costs that arise when clothing is manufactured.

Q4 An MPB/MSB diagram covers measles vaccinations; pick out what the diagram establishes about the welfare gain area, equilibrium in the market and the social optimum.

Q6(b) Examine what Thomas Cook's proposed cut in airline emissions does to the social optimum, supported by an externalities diagram.

Q12(e) Drawing on Extract B, discuss what external costs arise when tyres are manufactured and then used.

Q4 From an MPC/MSC diagram covering chemicals production, state which conclusion about welfare loss, the social optimum and market equilibrium holds.

Q7 Sketch an externalities diagram showing why vaccinations are taken up at below the socially optimal level.

Q8 Using a table of greenhouse gases released in beef, lamb and poultry production, set out the meaning of external costs of production.

Q2(a) Use an externalities diagram to illustrate the welfare effects of consuming higher education (context: spillovers in innovation, tax receipts, faster growth and a more flexible labour market).

Q2(b) Working-age graduates earn about £10 000 a year more than non-graduates; that gap chiefly signals which of these? (external benefit / external cost / private benefit / social cost)

Q6(c) Drawing on Extract A, explain one private benefit students gain from higher education plus one external benefit.

Q6(d) Using Figure 2, work out the percentage rise in outstanding student loans between 2013 and 2018.

Q12(e) Discuss the externalities arising when palm oil is produced, drawing on Extract B; a suitable diagram is needed.

Q12(e) Using Extract B and the idea of external benefits, discuss why education is consumed below its social optimum; a diagram is expected.

Q4 Using a market diagram for new house construction showing MPB=MSB, MPC and MSC, identify which statement can be deduced about the social optimum, market equilibrium and the area of welfare loss.

Q12(d) Examine the external costs arising from using and throwing away plastic bags, drawing on the environmental extract.

Q14 Evaluate the private and external benefits of vaccinating children against measles, given Ukraine's falling vaccination rate.

Q12(d) Examine, using Extract B, the external costs that greater meat output generates.

Q4 From an MPB/MSB diagram covering education, work out what follows about the social optimum, the welfare gain area and market equilibrium.

Q12(d) From Extract B, examine which external costs arise when cocoa beans are grown and processed, and who ends up bearing them.

Q6(f) Judge, through the lens of external costs, whether the energy market supplies too much or too little nuclear power; include a suitable diagram.

Q7 Evaluate the private and external costs of building large power stations, using an externalities diagram (context: Hinkley Point C, £18bn).

Q5(b) Identify which statement about university education is correct (marginal social benefits, inferior good, public good, or social optimum quantity).

Q1(b) Examine how externalities generated by copper mining affect Chilean firms and local communities.

Q2(a) Give the meaning of the term external benefits (short defined-term question).

Q2(c) On the nursery school places diagram, mark in the new social optimum output plus the welfare gain area once intervention succeeds.

Q3(a) Classify what Kenya's flower growers do to fishing industry workers (private benefit / private cost / external cost / external benefit).