20 marks
Q9 Assess what economically holds back a poorer country's progress, prompted by 2022 HDI scores for Mozambique and Guatemala.
Edexcel · 9EC0 / 8EC0 / WEC11–14
Constraints on development comes up in 9 questions across the Edexcel A Level, AS and International A Level past papers (9EC0 / 8EC0 / WEC11–14), worth 77 marks between them. They run from 2021 to 2025 and appear on International A Level Unit 4.
Tariffs run from 1 to 20 marks. The commonest instructions are Identify (MCQ) (3), Evaluate (2), Examine (2). Specification points covered: 4.3.6.2.
Q9 Assess what economically holds back a poorer country's progress, prompted by 2022 HDI scores for Mozambique and Guatemala.
Q7(d) Examine two difficulties Indonesia faces from relying on commodities such as nickel and palm oil.
Q1 Identify the non-economic barrier to growth and development (poor education / volatile commodity prices / capital flight / corruption).
Q7(b) Explain what a foreign currency gap means, as the term is used in the Pakistan extract.
Q1 Identify the theory arguing that reliance on primary exports holds back growth and development.
Q10 Assess the economic barriers holding back growth and development in poorer nations, with 2020 HDI figures of 0.60 (Pakistan) and 0.85 (Argentina).
Q7(d) Using the material given, examine two difficulties that follow from Zambia's economic reliance on copper.
Q7(e) Beyond primary product dependency, discuss which economic factors could hold back growth in Zambia.
Q2 Which theory suggests a savings gap constrains growth and development? (Harrod-Domar / Lewis dual-sector / Marshall-Lerner / Prebisch-Singer)
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