Public goods

Q3(c) Explain why private firms tend not to supply public goods.

Q12(a) Say what a public good is, as used of South Africa's coastal lighthouses in Extract A.

Q3(b) Using the Singapore material, explain the reasoning behind governments, rather than markets, supplying education.

Q9 Explain how non-rivalry differs from non-excludability, using the world's 24 300 lighthouses and falling ship losses.

Q2 Classify the sea defences Bangladesh plans against flood risk (consumer / free / private / public goods).

Q6(c) Using Extract B, weigh up the claim that television content qualifies as a public good.

Q1 Identify which pairing of rivalry and excludability best describes a private good.

Q12(d) Examine, using Extract C, whether New Zealand's national parks qualify as public goods.

Q14 Evaluate the case for the state supplying goods and services (context: the UAE's free schooling and healthcare, $136 million on flood defences, Dubai's record-height lighthouse).

Q1(a) Which pair of properties defines a private good? (non-rival, excludable / non-rival, non-excludable / rival, excludable / rival, non-excludable)

Q1(b) Explain why the state, rather than firms, normally funds flood defences, using the Calder Valley and its £74m of government money since 2015.

Q9 With 95 000 Singapore streetlights swapped out over 2017–2022, give one microeconomic justification for state provision of street lighting.

Q9 Flood defences cost the Dutch Government EUR1 billion annually: give one reason why the state, not the market, supplies such a public good.

Q8 Using EU spending on street lighting, explain what economists mean by a public good.

Q6(c) Assess whether parks open to all really qualify as public goods, using Extract C.

Q14 Evaluate reasons for under-investment in flood defences, with reference to public goods (context: 2017 Bangladesh floods displacing 8 million people and destroying 100 000 houses).

Q2(c) Choose why a £30m National Lottery grant might fund coastal flood defences (excludability / a private good / a public good / rivalry).

Q5(c) Choose why BBC output gets labelled a public good (state funding / largest audience / non-rival consumption / spillover benefits).

Q6(g) Evaluate the argument for the state supplying goods and services directly, such as housing or flood defences.