Public sector borrowing & debt

Q2 Say what most likely follows when a country's debt falls, as Sweden's did between 2020 and 2022.

Q10 Assess the drawbacks when government debt climbs, as Iraq's did to 49.2% of GDP by 2023.

Q7(a) Work out Ghana's national debt in dollars from its 2022 GDP and the debt-to-GDP chart.

Q7(d) Examine two drawbacks for Ghana of its climbing national debt, using the chart and extract.

Q1 Deduce a likely consequence of rising national debt, as New Zealand's more than doubled between 2018 and 2022.

Q7(a) Work out Greece's 2022 national debt in dollars from the real GDP and debt-to-GDP charts.

Q7(e) Discuss the gains Greece might enjoy from cutting its debt relative to GDP.

Q7(a) Work out Pakistan's 2021 debt servicing payment as a share of its national debt.

Q9 Evaluate whether a structural budget shortfall matters more than a cyclical one, citing Brazil and Suriname.

Q2 Paraguay's national debt rose from $3.6bn to $13.3bn between 2012 and 2021. Identify the most likely effect of rising national debt. (lower inflation / lower debt servicing costs / more crowding out / higher tax revenues)

Q4 Australian tax revenue and government spending are charted across 2019 to 2021: which conclusion about the current account and fiscal balances is right?

Q7(a) With Iran's GDP at $635.72 billion in 2020 and Figure 3, work out the country's national debt that year, showing workings.

Q7(b) Drawing on Figure 3, analyse two drawbacks of Iran's national debt climbing higher.

Q1 State a valid conclusion from the 2020 chart of national debt to GDP ratios in France, Spain and the UK.

Q1 Argentina's national debt rose from about $186bn to nearly $447bn between 2009 and 2018. Identify the most likely effect of rising national debt. (less comparative advantage / lower interest rates / higher debt servicing costs / a stronger currency)

Q7(c) Set out what Extract A means where it refers to a smaller fiscal deficit.

Q8 Evaluate how far a rising national debt should worry a developed country of your choosing, given Portugal's debt climbing from 71% to 126% of GDP between 2008 and 2017 while Italy's went 102% to 132%.